![]() ![]() The results of life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) and life-cycle assessment (LCA) conducted by Aurangzeb and AL-Qadi in 2014, showed savings in costs and energy use, along with reduction in greenhouse gas emissions associated with higher RAP doses in asphalt mixtures. Several research studies have emphasized the advantages associated with the use of RAP in asphalt pavements, including significant savings in cost and energy along with the environmental benefits due to reduction in the disposal of waste during maintenance and rehabilitation activities. This technique consisting of 100% RAP without additional virgin material has not been commonly adopted by local agencies in the United States due to lack of a well-defined design, construction, and maintenance guidelines. These pavements were more cost effective than gravel roads, which require frequent annual maintenance, and they offered other sustainable benefits including no dust being generated from vehicles which is a common complaint with gravel roads. Others remained in service with no real maintenance until recently. As the county population grew, a limited number of these LVR transitioned to collector streets and were subsequently surfaced either with a chip seal or a thin Asphalt Concrete (AC) layer. Interestingly, these 100% recycled pavements have provided satisfactory performance for their intended purpose for over two decades with little to no maintenance as per Figure 1. Many of the existing LVR were built over 25 years ago by simply spreading and compacting Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) millings, then applying an emulsion fog seal one month after placement. ![]() The roadway system evaluated in this study belongs to a county located in the northwestern part of Nevada. These LVR are used on a daily basis by residents and businesses to commute and vitalize the economic services of many rural areas. The infrastructure system of lightly populated counties in the United States (U.S.) is mainly founded on Low Volume Roads (LVR). ![]()
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